Angiogenesis is a process with a coordinated sequence of endothelial cell division, selective degradation of vascularbasement membranes, and surrounding extracellular matrix with migration of theses cells that result in a new capillarygrowth from preexisting vessels. These processes are controlled by numerous different molecules. Among these, VascularEndothelial Growth Factor(VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific mitogen with a potent ability to induce microvessel permeabilityand angiogenesis. In this study, tissue samples of odontogenic keratocyst(10 cases), ameloblastoma(10 cases),adenomatoid odontogenic tumor(10 cases), calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor(10 cases), ameloblastic carcinoma(2 cases)were obtained, and all specimen were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and embedded. Serial 5μm thick sections werecut from paraffin blocks. And the immunohistochemical staining, characteristics of VEGF about the cyst & tumor wereobserved & obtaned the results from this study. We presume that the growth of cyst is depends on not a differentiationbut an epithelium & connective tissue. But, in odontogenic tumor, we presumed that the growth of tumor is influencedon inflammation & surrounding stimulus & vascular growth and supply. Therefore, it should be suggested that study onthe growth of tumor and vascularity must be carrying out in this immunohistochemical study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of integrin α3 and integrin β1 in the ameloblastomas. For thisstudy, 10 specimens diagnosed as amoblastomas referred to the Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry,Kyung Hee University, and 5 specimens of normal oral mucosa without any inflammatory changes were used as experimentaland control groups, respectively. The ameloblastomas devided into follicular type, plexiform type, acanthomatoustype, and granular cell type. All specimens; experimental and control group were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solutionand embedded in paraffin, and then the serial tissue sections were made 5㎛ in thickness and processed for immunohistochemicalobservation. The specimens were incubated with primary antibody against integrin α3 or integrin β1,each was diluted at 1 : 100, followed by the Supersensitive non-biotin horse radish peroxidase detection system with DABas chromogen. After counterstaining with Gill's hematoxylin stain method and mounted, and examined under the lightmicroscope. Based on the intensity of the immunoreactivity, intensity of the immunity was scored no epithelial stain,weak or focal epithelial stain, moderate or focal intensive epithelial stain, intense generalized epithelial staining for theepithelial, and connective tissue component in ameloblastomas, and normal oral mucosa on each. Attained results asfollows. Expression of integrin α3 in the oral mucosa, weak reaction was noted on the all layers of epithelium, andsubmucosa. Expression of integrin β1 in the oral mucosa, intense reaction on the superficial layer, moderate reaction inbasal layer were shown. Expression of integrin α3 in ameloblastomas, it was noted that weak reaction on the ameloblastlike cells in the all types and rarely in basement membrane. Expression of integrin β1 in ameloblastomas, intense reactionon the tumor cell ,and partly in the nuclei in follicular type was noted, And moderate reaction on the tumor cellin plexiform , acathomatous types, but weak reaction in granular cell type was shown. This results result suggest thatintegrin α3 may influenced negligibly, but the integrin β1 influenced significantly the development of the ameloblastomasconsidering the response is increased on the region with highly cellular activities.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) occurs through a multistep process in which accumulated genetic alterations leadsto malignant transformation. Oral leukoplakia is a common premalignant lesion in oral mucosa and the incidence of cancerprogression into SCC has been reported to be 0~43%. The genetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genesand DNA repair genes occur during carcinogenesis. In order to evaluate the role of epithelial cells in the early stage ofcarcinogenesis, we analyzed the alterations of genetic heterogeneity in epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia samples, usingLaser capture microdissection(LCM). The incidence rate of microsatellite instability(MSI) and loss of heterozygosity(LOH)were analysed from the DNA of epithelial cells from 16 leukoplakia samples using adjacent fibroblasts as a normalcontrol. In this study, LOH was found in epithelial cells of all 16 cases of leukoplakias while MSI has been observed in3 cases. Interestingly, the fibroblasts showed LOH and MSI in some cases, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing.Taken together, this study showed that leukoplakia has multiple genetic alterations in fibroblasts as well as in epithelialcells, suggesting that interaction between epithelial cells and fibroblasts might be involved in the early step ofcarcinogenesis.

Most of mucous retention phenomena occurred in the mucous secretory glands, i.e., minor salivary gland, sublingualgland and submandibular gland. The mucous retention cyst from parotid gland has been very rarely reported in theliterature. As the parotid gland is composed of serous acini, the serous saliva is less likely to produce the retentionphenomenon in the ducts or extraductal tissue. Here, a case of mucous retention cyst in parotid gland wasdemonstrated. The patient of this case has been complaining of recurrent swelling of right cheek in parotid gland area,and showed a feature of chronic sialadenitis or benign salivary gland tumor. The extravasated serous saliva was diffuselydispersed into the adjacent connective tissue, forming an ill-defined cyst cavity with hyalinized sclerotic luminalsurface. The inflammatory reaction was relatively mild compared to the extensive destruction of periglandular connectivetissue. However, the typical foamy macrophage was not seen but the infiltrated macrophages containing abundant eosinophiliccytoplasm. The mucous retention phenomenon could be very rare in parotid gland, which is also easily distinguishablefrom chronic sialadenitis or benign tumor through pathological examination.

Some sports players use dental mouth guards to reduce the risk of orofacial trauma. Althoug mouth guard have beenshown to protect against orofacial injury, many players do not use them during training and playing because of discomfortand breathing problems. This study was performed to measure the alteration of respirotory volume during wearthe mouth guard. I checked 5 D university male students ventlation with and without mouth guard in steady state. Airflow and volume were decreased during wearing Mouth guards compare to not wering. It suggested that mouth guardwould have change the ventilation patterns.

The purpose of this study were to effects of resistance training on motor control function (latency, adaptation) in oldadult. Sixty health adults who were mean age 75 years and were qualified the health test without any special diseaseparticipated for this study. Subjects were assigned to either the exercise group(n=30) or non exercise group(n=30). TheExercise group involved in resistance training with exercise ball and elastic tubing 60minute a day, three time per week,for 16 weeks. They performed all exercise at RPE 12-13 and one to three sets of 12-15 repetitions for each of resistanceexercise. The equipment used for balance test was the computerized dynamic posturography by NeuroCom EquiTest. Thetwo-way repeated measurement ANOVA and paired t test and repeated t test for post hoc were used for the data analysisto verity the hypothesis with significant level for hypothesis rejection at 0.05. The results of two-way repeatedmeasurement ANOVA was significant difference latency score observed between exercise pre and post in condition 1, 3.These results suggest that resistance programs utilizing elastic tubing, exercise ball can serve as a practical and effectivemeans of eliciting motor control development in adult over the age of 65.

In order to investigate phenotype and genotype of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, Forty-eightS. Enteritidis isolates from diarrhea patients were analysed using antimicrobial resistance typing, Phage typing, andPulsed field gel electrophoresis in Seoul from 2004 to 2005. All of S. Enteritidis were resistant to streptomycin(SM,37.5%), ampicillin(AM, 43.8%), t icarcillin(TIC, 43.8%), chloramphenicol(CM, 29.2%), t etracycline(TE, 10 .4%) and nalidixicacid(NA, 18.8%) among 16 antimicrobial drugs. Of 48 S. Enteritidis, 8 isolates(16.7%) were resistant to 1 drug, 3 isolates(6.3%) to 2 drugs, 1 isolate (2.1%) to 3 drugs and 17 isolates(35.7%) to 4 drugs. The basic pattern of 4 drugs resistancewas SM, TIC, TE, and CM but 1 drug resistant isolates represent all nalidixic acid resistance. Among 30 antibioticr esistant S . Enteritidis, 2 1 isolates(70 %) were phage type 2 1, 8 i solates(26.7%) were phage t ype 2 3 and 1 isolate(3.3%) was RDNC, respectively. Of the phage types observed, all of phage type 23(8 isolates) were nalidixic acid resistantand phage type 21 were AM-TIC-SM-CM multi-resistance(13 isolates; 43.3%), AM-TIC-SM-TE(4 isolates; 13.3%),AM-TIC-SM(1 isolate; 3.3%), AM-TIC-CM(1 isolate; 3.3%), and AM-TIC(2 isolates; 6.7%) resistance and 1 isolate ofRDNC was NA-TE resistance. PFGE divided the isolates into two major clusters, A(n=14) and B(n=14). There were fourdifferent resistance profiles with resistance to AM, TIC, SM, TE, NA within PFGE A. Also resistance to AM, TIC, SM,CM was common within PFGE B. The PFGE A strains typed as PT21(n=5), PT23(n=8), and RDNC(n=1), While all thePFGE B strains typed as PT21(n=14). In consequence, there was the highly significant concurrence between resistancetyping, phage typing and PFGE.

In order to investigate the resistance patterns and molecular characteristics of resistance gene of 9 NA-resistantSalmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, Total of 101 isolates were isolated from stool sampes from 2005to 2006. Among them, 48 isolates(47.5%) were identified S. Enteritidis, 24 isolates(23.8%) S. Typhi, 8 isolates(42.5%) S.Typhimurium, 7 isolates(6.9%) S. Paratyphi A and 14 isolates (13.9%) others Salmonellas. All of S. Enteritidis were resistantto ampicillin(43.8%), ticarcillin(43.8%), streptomycin(37.5%), chloramphenicol(29.2%), tetracycline(10.4%) and nalidixicacid(18.8%), respectively. All nalidixic acid-resistance isolates represented one point mutation in the quinolone resistancedetermining region(QRDR) of gyrA gene. Among them, 8(89%) isolates were substituted Tyr for Ser at positionamino acid 83th or 1(11%) isolate was substituted Asn for Asp at position amino acid 87th. In consequence, Continuedsurveillance of NA-resistance among non-Typhi S. entetica isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence ofnalidixic acid resistance.

It is necessary to improve the esthetic and function in the patient with oral and maxillofacial bone defects. Syntheticbone substitute materials and anorganic bovine bone mineral(ABBM) have been used for clinical restoration.The purpose of this study was to observe the biocompatibility and bone formation of synthetic hydroxyapatite(SHA)and ABBM in hole of rabbit's tibia. After specimens with SHA and ABBM at 8 weeks were fixed in 10% neutral formalinsolution, dehydrated, and embedded with spurr low viscosity, they were cut by 500um with slow diamond wheel saw andgrinded up to 200um in thickness. These specimens were coated with carbon and examined with r efraction microscopefor bone density. Refraction microscopic features of 8 weeks in synthetic HA showed network-like new bone formingtrabecular pattern attached to resorbed HA. Less well calcified trabecular bone surrounding conglomerated HAs showedirregular arrangement of numerous osteocytes. There was not completely filled in defected area by new bone trabecular.New trabecular bone formation by ABBM was more prominent and completely compacted in defect hole at 8 weeks. Itsuggested that although bone formation activity of AMMB might be superior to that on synthetic HA, both group wouldbe the good biocompatibility in this experiment.

In order to develop a protective carrier scaffolder for the external usage of medical and hygienic materials, three essentialprotective elements existing in nature, i.e., algin, cellulose, and calcium phosphate apatite, were investigated.The algin is a main skeletal component of sea weeds, the cellulose is of vegetables, and the calcium phosphate apatite isof vertebral animals. In the present study we select the agarose which is a derivative from algin, the cellulose fiber obtainedfrom skin of sea squirt, calcium oxide purified from shell powder, and tricalcium phosphate apatite purchasedcommercially. Consequently, the agarose-cellulose hybrid was made by the hydrogen bonds intermediating the calciumphosphate apatite between agarose and cellulose molecules. As the calcium phosphate apatite is formed by the additionof calcium hydroxide into tricalcium phosphate solution, we used calcium oxide to accelerate the hybridization betweenthe agarose and calcium phosphate apatite and also between the cellulose and calcium phosphate apatite. In the phasecontrast microscopic observation the agarose-cellulose hybrid showed more compact matrix structure than the mixture ofagarose and cellulose. The agarose-cellulose hybrid showed increased storage modulus but decreased loss modulus inRheometer test compared to those of the other materials tested in this study, representing that the agarose-cellulosehybrid has the highest elasticity among them and similar water capacity to agarose. The agarose-cellulose hybrid showedthe strongest antimicrobial effect in bacteria killing assay than the other materials, and also it showed a potent bloodclotting effect but no immunological hypersensitivity on the human skin. From the above results we presumed that thenobel material, agarose-cellulose hybrid, is a compact scaffolding matrix which has proper elasticity, high capacity tohold substrates, and antimicrobial and blood clotting property potent enough to carry the bio-medical and hygienic materialsfor external treatment safely.

Taxol(paclitaxel) is used in chemotherapy against several cancer. Treatment of tumor cell lines with taxol inducesapoptosis, but exact mechanism is not sufficiently understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate apoptosis bythe inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on the motility properties of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma cell lines. Paclitaxelinhibited cell motility induced by soluble and immobilized attractant. It suggested that paclitaxel would be a potent inhibitorof salivary gland adenocarcinoma cell motility independent of its cytotoxic and apoptotic activity.

Nuclear factor I-C (NFI-C) null mice demonstrated aberrant odontoblast differentiation, abnormal dentin formation,and thus molar lacking roots. However, the mechanism by which the disruption of NFI-C gene affect the expression ofother genes in dental pulp cells remains unknown. In this study, in order to understand this mechanism, the gene expressionof pulp cells in NFI-C deficient mice were compared to those of wild-type mice by cDNA microarray analysis.According to the cDNA microarray profile comparison, the disruption of NFI-C gene increased the expression of TGF-βand TGF-β receptor, whereas it decreased the expression of Smad proteins. Interestingly, most of the FGF-related geneswere down-regulated in pulp cells by NFI-C gene disruption. Among the cell cycle-related genes, the expression of p16and p18 were increased by NFI-C disruption, but the expression of cy clin E1 and cy clin D1 were decreased by NFI-Cdisruption. These results indicate that the disturbance of NFI-C gene suppressed the proliferation of pulp cells andup-regulated the expression of TGF-β and its downstream signaling molecules during root formation, contributing to theformation of short root containing abnormal dentin.