Artemisia scoparia (A. scoparia), perennial herb is indigenous to Korea and has been traditionally used in liverdamage. We investigated the effect of the essential oil obtained from A. scoparia on apoptosis of KB cells.Cytotoxicity and cellular DNA content were analyzed by MTT assay and flow cytometry, agarose gel electrophoresis,and Hoechst 33258 staining. The caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins were estimatedby Western blotting method. We found that the essential oil induced the apoptosis of the KB cells by concentrationsof 0.4 to 0.2 mg/ml which was verified by DNA fragmentation, apoptotic bodies, and the sub-G0/G1ratio. The essential oil also transient caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity and cleavage of PARP in KB cells for 24 h.The essential oil-induced apoptotic cell death was accompanied by up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation ofBcl-2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the essential oil of A. scoparia induces apoptosis in KB cells.

The phytochemicals of many plants suggest their potential use as dietary supplements in cancer chemoprevention andchemotherapy. In the present study, antitumor activity of Cudrania tricuspidata, a plant native to East Asia, wasinvestigated. Cell growth inhibition of the extract on HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma using MTT colorimetric assay wasdetermined. Apoptosis on HT-29 cells was performed by DNA fragmentation analysis. PGE2 release was measured by enzymeimmunoassay, because PGE2 is a key protumorigenic prostanoid in many human cancers. For the ROS scavengingactivity, ROS level was detected by laser scanning confocal microscope. It was found that methanol extract of leaves inhibitscell viability by inducing apoptosis as evidenced by DNA fragmentation. Stem bark decreases synthesis of PGE2,inflammatory mediator. Fruits exhibited pronounced ROS scavenging activity. Taken together, these results suggest thatCudrania tricuspidata exerts growth inhibition and anti-oxidation on HT-29 cells through apoptosis, ROS scavenging respectivelythat it may have anti-cancer properties.

Tumor cells under hypoxic conditions are often found due to the rapid outgrowth of their vascular supply, and,in orderto survive hypoxia, these cells induce numerous signaling factors. Erk is an important kinase in cell survival, andits activity is regulated by Raf kinases through numerous growth factor receptors. The authors investigated Erk activationand Raf/Erk signaling using the hypoxia-mimetic agent, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) cells. CoCl2 increases Erk phosphorylation in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, blocking theactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using PD168393 abolished Erk activation in response to CoCl2,suggesting that Erk phosphorylation by CoCl2 is dependent on EGFR.

Irritation fibroma(IF) is the most common tumor-like lesion. IF is characterized by over-production of collagen and,thus, resembles scar tissue. TGF-β1, MMP and TIMP play an essential role in remodeling extracellular matrix duringscar formation. This study investigates the pathogenesis of IF with respect to the coordinated expression of factors involvedin wound healing. Proliferative activity and expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were observed using immunohistochemistryin 88 cases of IF and 9 cases of normal oral mucosa(NOM). Proliferative activity and expression ofTGF-β1 and TIMP-1 were increased in IF compared to NOM. MMP-1 expression was not significantly increased in IF. Wepropose that IF is caused by increased expression of TGF-β1 and an imbalance in expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1.

It is not yet clear to know how normal human osteoblasts(NHost) from oral and maxillofacial area deposit, stabilize,and configure their extracellular matrix on dental biomaterial surfaces. Therefore it is necessary to design biomaterialswith improved biocompatibility that will promote earlier bone differentiation and mineralization. There is now increasingevidence that TGase 2 may play a role in the initiation and regulation of the mineralization processes and serves tocross-link osteocalcin and osteopontin, which are predominant substrates for TGase 2 expressed during bonemineralization. But it is still unclear as to which TGase 2 is expressed by NHost in vitro bone formation. The purpose ofthis s tudy was t o determine the level of TGase 2 expression associated with collagen I , osteopontin and osteocalcin inNHost cell lines from oral and maxillofacial area in vitro. We will investigate whether TGase 2 has an active role in thebiocompatibility of dental biomaterials during differentiation and mineralization of NHost. NHost cell lines were culturedunder DMEM with 10% FBS at 37ﾟC and 5% CO2. Collagen quantification, mineralization and calcium assay, ALP activityassay, and RT-PCR analysis during bone differentiation and mineralization were done. ALP levels showed higher activityunder AA+hGP t han under AA. I nhibition o f T Gase 2 by cystamine showed d ecreased Ca++ concentration, c ollagen Ideposition and ALP level during 11 days of differentiation. TGase 2 mRNA expression of NHost was constant during mineralizationstage. TGase 2 enzyme activity was increased during differentiation. Osteopontin mRNA expression duringmineralization was higher than that of osteocalcin and collagen I . It suggested that TGase 2 associated with collagen I,osteocalcin and osteonectin might play a role in the differentiation of NHost from oral and maxillofacial area, but a littleinvolved in mineralization

Metastatic tumors in oral cavity are rare, where their prognoses are considered to be extremely poor. Unless recognizingits primary origin, pathologic diagnoses for metastatic cancer have been troublesome for oral pathologists. Thisretrograde analysis was aimed at providing practical suggestion for the diagnoses of metastatic cancers to oral and maxillofacialregion. We reviewed 20 patients diagnosed as metastatic cancers to oral cavity from 1991 to 2007. The patientswere classified according to their clinical and histologic findings. We also reviewed 19 patients of mucoepidermoid carcinomaand 16 patients of adenoid cystic carcinoma to compare with those of metastatic cancers. Immunohistochemicalstaining for CK 5/6, CK 17, TTF-1, CEA was performed for differential diagnosis. Histologically, 20 cases compromised11 cases of adenocarcinoma, 5 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma, 3 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, and one papillarycarcinoma. The lung was the most common site for primary site (5/20), followed by the breast (2/20). In metastatic adenocarcinoma,TTF-1 positive cases were one lung cancer and a rectal cancer, and carcinomas from breast and rectumshowed CK5/6 positive reaction. CEA was expressed in gastric and rectal carcinomas. In 19 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma,13 cases (68.4%) are CK5/6 (+). In 16 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 11 cases (68.8%) showed the positivereaction for CK5/6. TTF-1 is an antibody to show high sensitivity and specificity for lung adenocarcinoma, therefore,TTF-1 is helpful to make a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinomas from lung. Adenocarcinomas originated from salivaryglands show high CK5/6 expression, but metastatic adenocarcinomas, except of those from breast and rectum, showno CK5/6 expression, lending support that CK5/6 may be useful to differentiate metastatic adenocarcinomas from carcinomasof salivary gland origin.

53 years old female showed repeated ulceration of labial gingival mucosa at upper and lower anterior teeth, which wasa partly desquamated and erythematous lesion. The lesion was slightly extended into vestibule and buccal mucosa in oralcavity, but the similar lesion was not found in other organs by medical inspection. The incisional biopsy including theborder of the ulcerated mucosa and normal mucosa showed a severely inflamed mucosa, of which epithelium was graduallydetached from the underlying conective tissue, so that it was diagnosed as a mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP)pathologically. The epithelium was thinned, almost lost its rete pegs, and the basement membrane was completely distortedby the epithelial detachement. The inflammatory cell infiltration was mainly composed of small round cells andplasma cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed to know the expression of pathogenetic proteins using antisera ofIgk, E-cadherin, laminin a5, elafin, and eIF5A. The basement membrane at the epithelial detachment was condenselypositive for Igk, and the involved epithelium became atrophic but showed consistently positive reaction of matrix proteinsand protein translation factor, i.e., E-cadherin, laminin a5, elafin, and eIF5A similar to the adjacent normal mucosacontinuous to the MMP lesion. The Igk was also diffusely deposited on the basement membrane of nearby normalmucosa. Many plasma cells infiltrated around the lesion were strongly positive for Igk in their cytoplasms. Therefore, wesuggest that the MMP be characterized by the deposition of Igk on the basement membrane of the detached epitheliumin the absence of no other pathognomic changes of molecular events.

Currently, implants are widely used in dental and medical fields. Especially dental implants are widely used for reconstructionof oral and maxillofacial defects. Many researcher's had studied for raising the osseointegration throughvarious method. It was reported high success rate. Also they study the enhancing the speed of bone remodelling andosseointegration. Low level laser therapy is introduced one of the methods to accelerate the speed of bone remodellingand osseointegration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation about to raiseossoeintegration. Twenty four New Zealand white rabbits which were about 3Kg were used for experiment. Two implantswere implanted same side of rabbits tibia. Diode laser was irradiated 1cm diameter, 0.5 watt power, 1 minute duration atperiphery of one of implants. Eight rab b its were sacrificed every 2, 4, 8 weeks, made undecalcified sample. We investigatedin the undecalcified samples histological and histomorphometrc analysis by light microscope. The results were asfollows. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks experimental groups which were showed rapid bone remodelling than control groups.They showed many difference especially in early healing time. Bone Implant contact rate were 47% in 2 weeks experimentalgroup. 28% in 2 weeks control groups, 82% in 4 weeks experimental groups, 62% in 4 weeks control groups,98% in 8 weeks experimental groups and 84% in 8 weeks control groups then experimental groups show statistically significantdifference(p＜0.05). Bone remodelling area rate inside the implant threads were 49% in 2 weeks experimentalgroups. 31% in 2 weeks control groups, 90% in 4 weeks experimental groups, 82% in 4 weeks control groups, 99% in 8weeks experimental groups and 97% in 8 weeks control groups then 2,4 weeks experimental groups show statisticallysignificant difference(p＜0.05). Implant-bone contact length rate and bone remodelling area rate were no significant differenceof linear regression equation of control and experimental groups then bone remodelling were different at earlyhealing time but there were no differences of time changes. According to above results, one of the low level lasers diodelaser irradiation was effected on the volume of new bone formation in implant interface and between the implantsthreads. Low level laser irradiation were helpful for initial stage of bone remodelling.

is a hard connective tissue, produced by cementoblasts during tooth root formation, which provides for theattachment of the periodontal ligament to the roots and surrounding alveolar bone. Establishment of this attachment isan important event in the regeneration of lost periodontal tissues. We examined whether or not odontoblast conditionedmedia(CM) have a regulatory influence on the differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts(murine cementoblasticcell line, OCCM-30) in vitro. To identify the effect of odontoblast conditioned media and dentin non collagenous proteins(dNCPs) on cementoblast differentiation and mineralization, we treated CM and dNCPs to cementoblast then differentiatedthe cells for 14 days. To evaluate the formation of mineralized nodules alizarin-red S staining was performed at 0,4,7and 14 days. Expression of cementum matrix genes was measured by RT-PCR. Mineralization of cementoblasts was acceleratedwith CM from odontoblastic MDPC-23 and OD-11. The expression of BSP, ALP, and OC mRNA in cementoblasticOCCM-30 cells was facilitated by the MDPC-23 and OD-11 cells. The extracted dNCPs had little influence on theproliferation, cell cycle modification, and chemotaxis of OCCM-30 cells. Although the dNCPs did not exhibit chemotacticactivities for cementoblasts, the dNCPs promoted the differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts. In conclusion,the dentin matrix protein, or the secreted products of odontoblast, facilitates cementoblast differentiation andmineralization. This represents a new approach and suggests another avenue for cementum regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to observe the histopathologic reaction in vital bone to various surface treatedimplants. For this purpose, ten New Zealand Albino rabbits, weighing 3.3 to 4kg were used as experimental animals. Allthe experimental groups divided into five groups; 1) Machined surface as control, 2) RBM(resorbable blast media), 3)RBM etched nitric acid solution, 4) RBM etched sodium hydroxide solution, 5) RBM etched acid, alkali, and heat treatedgroup on each. All the surfaces of implants were examined under the scannning electron microscope to distinguish thedifferences between each experimental groups compare to that on the control group. All the rabbits were implanted intothe tibial metaphyses of rabbits. On the 4th and 8th week after implantations, all the experimental rabbits weresacrificed. All the tissues containing each implanted materials were fixed in ethyl alcohol, and embedded in spurr resinas usual manner, sectioned in 10μm or more thickness, grinded, stained with the Villanuevaʼs osteochrome bone stainmethod and examined histopatholgically. For the fluorescence microscopic examination, three kind of fluorescence dyes,Oxytetracycline, Alizarin-Complexone, and Xylenol-Orange were injected to put into the bone to implant interface producedpolychromatic fluorescence labelling on the 1st week, 2nd week, and 5th week on each. On the 8th week after experiments,the animals sacrificed, and the tissues containing the implants were taken, fixed in ethyl alcohol and embeddedin spurr resin, sectioned, grounded 10um in thickness and examined under the fluorescence microscope. Followingresults were obtained; On the scanning electron microscopic examination of the implants, dull cracks, continuous linearindentations were revealed on the machined surface implant, irregular multiple leaflike eruptions on the RBM, and moresharp porous indentation with multiple complicated c rack s on the RBM acid etched surface, and more dull margins oncomplicated porous indentation on the RBM alkalic etched surface and more dull and less indented particles were notedon the RBM, acid, alkalic etched, heat treated surface, On the histopathologic examination, on the 4th week after experiment,complete osseointegation was noted between the implant and cortical bone on the collar and the apex lesion.and in parts, small newly formed bone spicules directly attached to the screws, and osteoid tissues were revealed inmarrow tissues, in all experimental groups. On the histopathologic examination, on the 8th week after experiment, osseointegrationis more increased compare to that on the 4th week group, the amount of bone trabeculae and osteoid tissuesdirectly fused to screw of implants were markedly increased. On fluorescence examination, band or linear shape waswitnessed on the boarder of compact bone and marrow tissues, and on bone trabeculae according to the formed age. andprecipitated as granular and globular shape on the haversian canals. These results indicate that the surface treatedmethod used for the present study render the implants compatible to bone tissue but the tissue compartibility is not differentamong the surface treated implants.

Demineralized Freeze Dried Bone(DFDB) graft material have been used for reconstruction of large bony defects or augmentationof thin alveolar ridge during implantation of titanium fixtures. But at present osteogenic effect of DFDB donot overcome the capacity of autogenic bone graft. Thus many investigators had applicated various bioactive substanceto DFDB to enhance the ability of osteogenesis of DFDB. In this study, mixture of grafting material was made from fibringlue(F) and DFDB(D)(group 1: F+D), fibrin glue, DFDB and rhBMP-2(B) (group 2: F+D+B), fibrin glue, DFDB, polylactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA)(P) and rhBMP-2(goup 3: F+D+B+P), fibrin glue, DFDB, PLGA, rhBMP-2 and autogenic osteoblasts(O)(group 4: F+D+B+P+O), and fibrin glue, DFDB, autogenic osteoblasts (group 5: F+D+O). During first surgicalprocedure, extraction of molar teeth was performed at male Biggle dog's mandible, and collected bone marrow tissuefrom tibia at same Biggle dog. Collected bone marrow tissue was cultured and differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro,and stored in nitrogen bottle. After four months, titanium fixture was implanted with prepared graft material to Biggledog's mandible. After four and eight weeks respectively, experimental dog was sacrificed. Obtained tissues were preparedfor examination by using resin embedded ground section method. Prepared sections were evaluated with transmittedand polarized microscope, and areas of osteoid and cacified bone were calculated with IPTK 5.0( image processingtool kit version 5.0). Resultant data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. Results of this study showed thatautogenic osteoblats had more enhancing capacity of bone formation than rhBMP-2, but PLGA inhibited bone formingpotential of bony tissue.

Considering the great potential of iron chelators at inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells, in order to determinethe molecular and biological basis for the effects of iron chelator in oral cancer, we investigated the effects of ironchelator, desferrioxamine (DFO), on the gene profiling analysis of immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOK), andoral cancer cells (HN12), using the cDNA microarray. We identified 46 clones cDNA exhibiting more than 2 fold overexpressionin DFO treated IHOK and HN12 cells, and 94 cDNA reveal more than 2 fold down-regulated expression.Examination of gene expression that differs between DFO treated vs. control IHOK and HN12 cells apprear to be relatedto : cell cycle regulator, cell growth and apoptosis, signal transduction and stress. p21 for cell cell cycle factor was upregualted,and cyclin-cdk gene was decreased expression, so we observed cell cycle arrest in DFO treated IHOK andHN12 cells. In tumor growth, we have identified downregulation of hemidesmosomal protein (bullous pemphigoid antigen1) and epiregulin expression in DFO treated IHOK and oral cancer cells. Signal transducers including mitogen-activatedprotein kinase-activated protein kinase 5, serine/thereonine kinase 6 were downregulated with DFO treated cells, suggestingthe DFO regulates the p38 MAP kianse pathway in immortalized and maignant oral keratincytes. In conclusion,we have demonstrated the high-throughput utility of cDNA array hybridization in parallel to the gene expression analysisto identify genes that are expressed differentially in DFO treated with immortalized and malignant oral keratinocytes.The differentially expressed genes identified here should be informative in DFO-induced anti-cancer effects.