Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to promote osteogenesis, and clinical trials are currently underwayevaluating the ability of BMPs to promote bone formation in grafting procedures and fracture healing. Some studies,have independently reported that sulfated polysaccharides particularly heparin, enhance the osteoblastic differentiationinduced by BMPs in vitro, and another study demonstrated that heparin enhanced the bone formation induced by BMP‐2in vivo. This study was performed to examine adipose stem cell responses to rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations, respectively, in culture media. Adipose stem cells were cultured for 2, 4, and 8 daystoward the osteoblastic differentiation in rhBMP‐2 alone and rhBMP‐2 with heparin at 0.25, and 25 μg/㎖ concentrations,respectively, in culture media. Verification of the stem cell lineage was performed in two ways. The first method was acontinuous sequential culture until 5th generation. The second method was using monoclonal antibodies for STRO‐1 andCD 90. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase was used for verifying osteoblastic differentiationbecause Alkaline phosphatase activity had been used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker and degree ofosteoblastic activity. Alizarin red staining was also used as an osteoblastic differentiation marker because it quantifiesthe calcium levels in cells or tissues. During the 5th generation culture, cultured cells actively proliferated, and thesecultured cells showed a positive reaction to STRO‐1 and CD90 cell surface molecules. Naphthol AS phosphate‐fast blue BBstaining and Alizarin red staining were positive in most samples of each group at 2, and 4 days and positive reactionwas proportioned to degree of morphological differentiation. In the concentration of 25 μg/ml of heparin, the ALP activitywas highest at the 2nd day in the culture, and then the activities of ALP were decreased significantly at 4, and 8days. The ALP activity was greatest at the 4th day of the culture, and then decreased significantly at the 8th day in 0 μg/ml and 0.25 μg/ml of heparin concentrations, Adipose stem cells could be differentiated in rhBMP‐2 in culture media, andthe addition of heparin to BMP‐2 promoted differentiation of osteoblasts. Moreover, morphological differentiation was associatedwith the activity of osteoblasts. This study was shown that, when heparin concentration increases, the early differentiationof the cells was brought about, but the early differentiated cells were rapidly progressed to degenerative changes.

 In order to unravel unidentified genes from human salivary gland, a cDNA library of human submandibular gland wasconstructed in the Uni‐ZAP XR vector by use of mRNA from human submandibular gland and ZAP‐cDNA? Gigapack? IIIGold Cloning Kit. cDNA of salivary gland was subtracted with cDNA of immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, RhimHuman Epithelial Keratinocyte cell line. The phage cDNA library was converted into a pBluescript phagemid cDNA library,which was subsequently plated on LB plates with ampicillin, IPTG, and X‐gal, and white colonies were selected forsequencing. Among 200 clones analyzed, four clones containing C77‐091, C75‐014, C76‐022, and C76‐012 designated orphangenes that are intensely expressed in the interlobular ductal and serous acinar cells of human submandibular gland.Particularly C77‐091 gene expresses 46 amino acids peptide (pI=9.45). C75‐014 and C76‐022 genes were characterized asthose expressing excretory basic proteins primarily consist of alanine, proline, and leucine residues, mimicking a basicproline‐rich protein (bPRP) showing helical structures and having multiple consensus sequences of phosphorylation sites.The strong expression of C76‐012 mRNA in the nuclei of salivary ductal and acinar cells suggests a role of C76‐012 geneas a DNA binding RNA/protein. These data suggest that the identification of four orphan genes from the human salivaryglands may add further understanding of greater role of salivary proteins providing innate immunity by protecting andstabilizing the mucosal epithelium in the maintaining homeostasis of oral mucosa.

 Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were reported to play an important role in inflammatory reactions to lipopolysaccharide(LPS) from P.gingivalis in the periodontal connective tissue. Although the biostimulatory effects of hyperbaricoxygen therapy, such as anti-inflammatory activity, have been reported, the pathological mechanism is notcompletely understood. This study examined the changes in the inflammatory cytokine profiles, which are produced afterexposure to hyperbaric oxygen in P.gingivalis LPS-treated human gingival fibroblasts, and subsequently to examine themitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway involved in cytokine production. Gingival fibroblasts with or withoutP.gingivalis LPS were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen, and the cytokine profiles in the supernatant were observed using ahuman inflammation antibody array. The expression of cyclooxyginase-2 (COX-2) protein, phosphorylation of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38, and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK by western blot analysis, and theamount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the supernatant by an enzyme-linked immunoassay were determined. COX-2 proteinexpression and PGE2productionwereincreasedsignificantlyintheP. gingivalis LPS-treated group, and were decreased bytreating P. gingivalis LPS with hyperbaric oxygen. Treatment of P. gingivalis LPS in the gingival fibroblasts led an increasein the amount of pro-inflammatory-related cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 released, whereas hyperbaricoxygen inhibits the irrelease. Ananalysis of the MAPK signal transduction showed that hyperbaric oxygen induced a significantdecrease in the level of P38 phosphorylation regardless of the presence or absence of LPS. In addition, hyperbaricoxygen promoted JNK phosphorylation, significantly in the presence of LPS. Hyperbaric oxygen can inhibit pro-inflammatorycytokines and mediate the MAPK signal pathway, and appears to be useful as an anti-inflammatory tool.

 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological characteristic of deproteinized freeze dried bovinebone(DFDBB) through grafting to maxillary sinus as following time lapsed. Nine patients who were needed of sinus elevationprocedure because of severe resorption of maxillary edentulous alveolar bone were selected. patients were dividedinto three group. Firstly sinus lifting procedure was performed and then the implantation procedure was performed after6 months in first group, 12 months in second group and 18 months in third group and simutaneously tissues of sinuswere obtained by trephine. 18 sections are made from every obtained tissue. 9 sections were stained by Masson's trichromemethod and were taken a photo at 100 times of magnification. Relative area of newly formed bone were obtainedby IPTK(image processing tool kit) version 5.0 program and mean values and standard deviations were produced fromobtained data by using SPSS version 17 program and significance tests were conducted by ANOVA method. This studyrevealed that DFDBB stimulated new bone formation in maxillary sinus and did not have osteoinductive capacity but osteoconductivecapacity, and DFDBB was exceedingly slowly resorbed.

 Benign fibrous histiocytomas that is also known asDermatofibroma,Fibrous dermatofibroma, andFibroushistiocytoma are benign skin growths. They are composed of disordered collagen laid down by fibroblasts. In rarecases, basal cell carcinoma may develop in that. Benign fibrous histiocytomas of bone are unusual neoplasms thatoften are confused with metaphyseal fibrous defects. It is an uncommon neoplasm of the Head and Neck region. Itis a rare and usually painless oral tumor. Several cases were reported in mandible, but few in maxilla, especially inmaxillary gingiva. We are reporting a case of Maxillay gingival.

 The origin of squamous cell components in salivary gland tumor has been not yet clarified in detail. The squamouscell differentiation from adenocarcinoma has been reported in various carcinoma by HPV transfection invitro. The adenocarcinoma cells adjacent to the squamous cell carcinoma components were positive for HPV. This isthought to indicate that after adenocarcinoma cells are transfected with HPV, they undergo morphological changes,and that squamous cell differentiation follows. The purpose of this study were to examine the effects of HPV-16E6/E7 gene transfection into SGT cell line from human salivary gland adenocarcinoma, and to study the relationbetween the E6/E7 gene and squamous differentiation. Plasmid pBR322 containing HPV-16 was transfected intocultured SGT cell line using lipofectin method. Hygromycin was used as a selection marker. The presence of HPVE6/E7, transglutaminase 1, and involucrin mRNAs and protein in E6/E7 gene transfected cells was investigated byRT-PCR and immunoslot blot method. The apoptosis index was analysed by flow cytometry. The growth rate ofE6/E7 gene transfected cells was reduced. E6/E7 transfected SGT cells increased apoptosis index. Involucrin andTGase I mRNAs by the squamous cell differentiation was most conspicuous in the E6/E7 gene transfected cell comparedwith non transfected cells. Squamous cell differentiation demonstrated in the transfectedSGT cell line, whichexpressed E6/E7 fusion gene mRNA.E6/E7 gene transfected cells showed squamous cell differentiation, expressinginvolucrin and TGase 1 protein by immunoslot blotting. The transfected SGT cell which expressed E6/E7 gene mRNAshowed the squamous cell differentiation particularly clearly, and apoptosis was also demonstrated. It suggestedthat E6/E7 gene transfection into human salivary gland adenocarcinoma cells might induce clear squamous cell differentiationand contribute to study the pathogenesis of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma.

 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator type 1 (PAI-1) inhibitor contribute to theinvasiveness of many carcinomas. It will be helpful to study clinical behavior of patients with malignant tumor byanalysis of their expression. Expression of uPA and PAI-1 in human salivary gland tumors has been rarely reportedin vitro. The purpose of this study were to investigate the protein expression of uPA and PAI-1 in SGT cell linecompared to oral SCC and HeLa cell lines and to study migration and adhesion assay. All the cell lines were culturedunder DMEM with 10% FBS at at 37oC in a 5% CO2 incubator. We studied a possible association between cytosolicuPA and PA-1 concentrations in SGT cell line compared to any other cell lines through cell migration and adhesionassay, and enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA). In migration assay SGT cell line was about 2 .5-4 foldshigher than another cell lines. In adhesion assay SGT cell line was about 1.1-2 folds higher than another cell lines.uPA cytosolic concentrations of SGT cell line was about 3-10 folds, while PAI-1 was about 2.5-10 folds. Oral SCCcell lines were the lowest value. Both uPA and PAI-1 concentrations were correlated with migration and adhesionassay. High cytosolic concentrations of uPA and PAI-1 was correlated with migration and adhesion assay. It suggestedthat these markers might be specific marker for SGT cell line and would be contributed to treatment andprognosis of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma.

 Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been a focus of cancer prevention studies due to the fact that it occursby a multistep process and that a precancerous lesion in the oral mucosa is easily accessible. The present study wasaimed at developing an optical detection system using autofluorescence spectrum measurements for the early detectionof oral cancer. The optical detection system was designed to use an excitation wavelength of 337 nm emanatingfrom a Xenon lamp. Precancerous and cancerous lesions were created in the hamster buccal pouch by treatmentwith 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Four groups of five hamsters each were used in this experiment. Theright buccal pouch was treated with 0.5% DMBA to induce carcinogenesis while the left buccal pouch was treatedwith mineral oil as a control. The autofluorescence of both buccal pouches was measured weekly. A difference in theexcitation pattern between the normal and the carcinogen-treated tissue was noticed after three weeks. Specifically,the intensity of the autofluorescence spectrum in the DMBA-treated buccal pouch was increased at wavelengths between400 and 450 nm. The results of the autofluorescence measurements were compared to histological findings andshow that the intensity of the autofluorescence increased along with the stage of epithelial dysplasia. Based on thefact that one of the autofluorophores in this tissue is NADH, we measured the fluorescence at the 450-nm NADHwavelength to conclude that the increased autofluorescence in the dysplastic areas may be caused by NADH. Based onthese data, we suggest that autofluorescence optical methods are a useful tool for the early detection of oral cancer.

 Because of the irreversible nature of periodontal disease, early diagnosis is an important aspect of managementof patients with periodontal disease. Human saliva is an attractive medium for disease diagnosis because its collectionis noninvasive and simple. Analysis of saliva may be especially beneficial in the determination of current periodontalstatus and serve as means for the screening of periodontal disease. In the present study, we investigatedpotential biochemical markers in whole saliva samples for the screening of periodontal disease using proteomicstechnique. We enrolled five subjects each from four different groups on the basis of measures of periodontal health(healthy group, gingivitis group, chronic periodontitis group and aggressive periodontitis group). Eleven proteins inwhole saliva samples were identified as differentially expressed proteins between the healthy and periodontal diseasegroups using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight /time-of-flight mass spectrophotometry (MADLI-TOF/TOF MS) approaches. Although the diagnostic value of oralfluid has been recognized for some time and potential biomarkers of periodontal disease have been identified in saliva,this, to our knowledge, is one of the first studies to examine large-scale proteomic profiling to identify theextent of periodontal destruction. Thus, this work provides an important framework for future efforts aimed at understandingsalivary responses to periodontal destruction and predicting the future disease progression.

 Elevated expression of survivin is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and even in human common cancers.The purpose of this study is to confirm whether survivin is associated with odontogenic tumor expecially in the developmentand growth in ameloblastomas. For the control group; 3 specimens obtained from normal oral mucosawithout any inflammatory reaction were used. For the experimental group, specimens obtained from 17 subjects ofameloblastomas; follicular type, plexiform type, granular cell type, acantomatous type and unicystic ameloblastoma.All the specimens were embedded in paraffin, sectioned 5μm or more in thickness, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain method. For immunostain, the specimens were incubated with 1:200 diluted primary antibody, followedby the secondary antibody. The bound antibodies were visualized by addition of diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride(DAB) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The specimens were counterstained with Gill’s Hematoxylin andmounted. Intensity of survivin immunoreactivity specimens was quantitatively scaled using under the light microscopewith the following criteria; Intensive reaction; +++, Moderate reaction; ++, Minimal reaction; +. Using theimage analyzer (Korea Optical System), immunoreactivity of the tumor cells in various fields was measured andstatistically analyzed with SPSS 17.0 Program.In control group, moderate positive reaction was noted in the cytoplasm of cells in the basal and spinous layer,but negative reaction was revealed in the nucleus. Expression of survivin was significantly increased in the cytoplasmof ameloblastomas as compared to that of control group (p<0.05). Expression of survivin in the nucleus andthe cytoplasm of the tumor cells between subtype of ameloblastoma was not significantly different. These resultssuggest that expression of survivin is closely associated with the development, and growth of the ameloblastomas.However it is unlikely that survivin can be used as a marker for cellular malignancy.

 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clinicopathologic disorder characterized by proliferation of histiocyte-like cells (langerhans cell histiocytes) accompanied by varying other inflammatory cells. LCH commonly involvesthe oral and maxillofacial region, but is very rarely seen. Then LCH has made it difficult to investigate the clinicaland histological aspects. We investigated LCH of oral and maxillofacial region and analyzed clinical and histologicalcharacteristics. We reviewed the records of all patients who were diagnosed as LCH, retrospectively. Data included patient’sage, sex, chief complaint, clinical diagnoses, radiologic and histologic reports, and clinical course. We analyzedclinical and histological characteristics. From 2000 to 2007, 8 patients were diagnosed as LCH. 7 were children and 1was adult. All cases involved mandible. Clinical type of all cases were“eosinophilic granuloma”. 6 cases were classifiedas“unifocal disease”and 2 cases were“multifocal single system diseases”. Microscopic findings commonly showed numeroushistiocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm (langerhans histiocytes). In 6 cases, immunohistochemical study was accomplishedand confirmed the diagnosis of LCH. 6 cases were cured and not recurred, and 2 cases had loss of follow-up. Unifocal disease type of LCH may arise in Korean people more frequently than in western people (75% Vs49%). Therefore, the higher frequency of unifocal disease of LCH is expected to raise the cure rate and to improvepatient prognosis in Korean patients with LCH.

 The pattern of wound healing process differs markedly according to the cell types. Gingival wounds heal more rapidlywithout scar, however dermal wounds show collagen laid down in thick disorganized patterns and keloid formation.This h as b een s uggested t o be d ue t o the presence of d ifferent E C M components a nd c ytokines a s well a s growthfactors. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential expression of genes in connection with keloid formationin gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) in response to inflammation. In this study, we investigatedthe differences between hGFs and hDFs in the expression and production of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), prostaglandinsE2 (PGE2), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, collagens, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissueinhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) which play important roles in collagen deposition in wound healing.The hGFs and hDFs were primary cultured and allocated to arachidonic acid (AA) treatment group and control group.Protein and mRNA were extracted right after (0 hr) and 24 hr after AA treatment. At a defined concentration of AAin hGFs and hDFs, MTT assay was performed. The mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, TGF-β, collagen 1and 3, MMP 1 and TIMP 1 were examined by Real-time PCR and Western blots. The amounts of PGE2 were measuredby enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The expression of COX-2 and TGF-β exhibited reduced levels in hGFs, but were increased in hDFs at 24 hr after AA treatment. Production of PGE2 was increased in hGFs and hDFs atright after AA treatment but, not changed at 24 hr after AA treatment. The protein and mRNA expression of collagen1 and 3 were decreased in hGFs , whereas increased in hDFs at 24 hr AA treatment. Expression of MMP-1 protein wasincreased in hGFs at 24 hr but, was decreased in hDFs at 24 hr compared with that of control. The protein expressionof TIMP-1 was decreased in hGFs but, was increased in hDFs at 24 hr compared with that of control. These observationsdemonstrate differential expression between gingival and dermal fibroblasts in regulation of collagenolyticcapacity by extracellular matrix-associated genes in keloid formation associated with wound repair.