The electron transport chain (ETC) delivers electrons from many substrates to reduce molecular oxygen to water. ETCaccomplishes the stepwise transfer of electrons through series of protein complexes conferring oxidation‐reduction reactions withconcomitant transport of p roton across membrane, g enerating a proton g radient which leads ATP s ynthesis b y F0F1ATPase.Bacterial ETC initiates with oxidation of NADH by NADH dehydrogenase complex (complex I). Therefore, damage of complex Ileads to insufficient function of ETC and accumulation of NADH inside the cell. Contribution of ETC activity and its consequentchanges of NADH levels to bacterial damage response against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) has been poorlyunderstood. In this study, by constructing ndh mutant Salmonella lacking complex I NADH dehydrogenase 2, we evaluated theeffect of ETC deficiency to bacterial resistance against ROS and RNS. The growth of ndh mutant Salmonella is impaired in theculture media containing hydrogen peroxide, but rather accelerates in the media containing nitric oxide donors. Data suggestthat redox potential of NADH accumulated inside the cell by ETC blockage may affect inversely to bacterial resistance againstreactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species.

 In the previous molecular cloning study from human salivary gland cDNA library novel clones (C75‐014, C76‐022) wereknown as candidate genes for proline rich proteins by GenBank data base search and RNA in situ hybridization. C75‐014and C76‐022 genes were characterized as those expressing excretory basic proteins primarily composed of alanine, proline,and leucine residues, mimicking basic proline‐rich proteins (bPRPs) with helical structures and multiple consensussequences of phosphorylation sites. In the immunohistochemical stainings using polyclonal antisera against each C75‐014and C76‐022 peptide showed strong reaction in the secretory granules of striated and excretory ducts. And in Westernblot for the different salivary specimens relatively distinctive bands appeared at lower molecular weight, ranging about15‐50 kDa. This study was aimed to identify the molecular characteristics of C75‐014 and C76‐022 proteins, which showedproperties of basic proline rich protein. These data suggest that C75‐014 and C76‐022 are candidate genes for proline richproteins in human salivary gland, which may play a role for protecting and stabilizing the mucosal epithelium againstnumerous proteolytic damages and stresses.

Tumor cell biological factors, such as urokinase plasminogen activator(uPA) and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) play a role in tumor invasion, metastasis, and proliferation. These factors in patients with primary oralsquamous cell carcinoma(Oral SCC) will be evaluated and correlated with clinicopathologic variables. However, relativelyrarely has been known in oral squamous cell carcinoma in vivo and in vitro study . The purpose of this study were toinvestigate the protein expression of uPA and PAI-1 in oral SCC cell lines cell line compared to NHOK and to study migrationand adhesion assay. All the cell lines were cultured under KBM bullet kit at 37℃ in a 5% CO2 incubator. Westudied a possible association between cytosolic uPA and PA-1 concentrations in oral SCC cell line compared to NHOKusing an enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA). Cell adhesion and migration assay were done in all the cell l ines. In migrationassay oral SCC cell lines were about 70 folds higher than NHOK. In adhesion assay oral SCC cell line were about7-12 folds higher than NHOK. uPA cy tosolic concentrations was about 15-19 folds and PAI-1 was 3 to 4.5 folds thanthat of NHOK. Both uPA and PAI-1 concentrations were correlated with migration and adhesion assay. High cytosolicconcentrations o f uPA and PAI-1 were correlated with migration and adhesion assay . It suggested that these markersmight be specific for oral SCC cell line and these results would be contributed to treatment and prognosis of human oralsquamous cell carcinoma.

 Epithelioid hemangioma is an unusual, which was at first described as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia(ALHE) in 1969 and misinterpreted as the same disease with Kimura’s disease. But now it represents a distinctive vasculartumor, a different entity with those inflammatory conditions. Here, we present a case of epithelioid hemangiomaappearing as a diffuse gingival nodular mass in 33‐year‐old male who had suffered from the idiopathic sharp pain of leftmandible area previously and later extended to left maxillary region, therefore the gingival lesion was clinically estimatedas malignancy associated with neural invasion. CT images revealed the soft tissue mass restricted to left maxillarygingiva without infiltration to underlying maxillary alveolar bone. Histologically, the circumscribed soft tissue massconsist of solid sheets of epithelioid to spindled cells, expressing reactivity for neither cytokeratin AE1/3 nor HMB‐45,but for CD31, endothelial cell marker. Therefore, the lesion was pathologically diagnosed as epithelioid hemangioma.Diagnostic evaluation for the neurologic symptoms of the patient revealed the trigeminal neuralgia, accompanying withthe present epithelioid hemangioma incidentally. Awareness of epithelioid hemangioma should be emphasized not to bemisdiagnosed as malignant disease like an invasive squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, or angiosarcoma. Properevaluation and interpretation for neural symptom may lead to the correct differential diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.

 Facial numbness restricted to the distribution of the mental nerve(mental neuropathy) is called "numb chin syndrome".The clinical importance of this syndrome is associated with first recognition of involvement of malignant diseases. Themalignant neoplasm with numb chin syndrome show rapid progression and high mortality. We present a 43-year-old femalewho had been treated by radiotherapy for precursor T-cell leukemia/lymphoma involving the central nervous system(CNS) previously and later developed mental nerve invasion without central nervous system recurrence. MRI imagesrevealed the CNS tumor mass remitted, and there was no identified peripheral nervous system(PNS) involvement includingthe mental nerve invasion, nevertheless the patient complained of consistent numbness and pain on right mandibulararea. This is the first case of precursor T-cell leukemia/lymphoma accompanying mental nerve invasion without recurrencefor central nervous system. Proper interpretation for mental neuropathy may lead to the prompt diagnosis andtherapeutic intervention.

 A 37 years old male patient had suffered from fibrous nasal polyp for more than 10 years even though careful medicaltreatment, and recently aggravated with severe nasal stiffness and pain. In the radiological observation the lesion wascontinuously extended into the ipsilateral maxillary sinus by poly cystic radiopacities gradually destroying the anteriorwall of antrum. During the Caldwell-Luc operation a cystic fibrous granulomatous tissue was removed, and its microsectionsshowed multicystic and tunnel-like spaces, of which lumens were usually round and filled with parts of parasiticworm e xhibiting parasitic t eguments and eggs. The granulomatous l esion showed relatively mild inflammatory reactionwith the infiltration of eosinophilic PMNs. The histological features of tunnel-like penetration of parasitic worms,and their teguments and eggs were competent with the diagnosis of sparganosis. Especially, although the patient had noexperience of raw foods such as frog or snake, he used to drink the untreated natural stream water obtained in themountain area of Gangwon prefecture in Korea. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a rare lesion of antral spanganosis,and we suppose that the frequent incident of oral sparganosis in Gangwon prefecture is possibly related to theusage of untreated stream water in the mountain area of Gangwon prefecture in Korea.

 Halitosis is a major problem on social interactions in many people, and oral hygiene control is a major treatment forhalitosis. However, medication may be the choice of method for non-oral origin halitosis. The present study evaluatedthe efficacy of chlorophyllin medication for oral malodor patients with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). 26 patientswith halitosis visited Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. VSCs (Volatile Sulfurcompounds) level was evaluated according to Chlorophyllin medication after 20 days’ medication. Scaling was conductedafter medication, and VSCs level was measured 28 days after scaling. Chlorophyllin medication on the halitosis patientswith GERD showed a statistically significant efficacy (P < 0.05). There was no significant effect on the patients withoutGERD (P>0.05). There was no significant effect s caling before o ne month ( P>0.05). Chlorophyllin was e ffective in t hehalitosis patients with GERD. There was no significant difference one month after scaling.

 In the previous molecular cloning study from human salivary gland cDNA l ibrary a novel clone (C77-091) was knownas a candidate gene for antimicrobial protein by GenBank database search and RNA in situ hybridization. This study isaimed to identify the molecular characteristics of C77-091 protein, which showed an antimicrobial activity on E.coli,thereby named as salivary antimicrobial protein (SAMP). SAMP consisted of a typical hydrophobic amino acid rich domainin the N-terminus, a cluster of basic amino acids, carbohydrate attachment site, a possible transglutaminase catalyzedcross-linking site, and multiple consensus sequences of phosphorylation site in the C-terminus. Western blot analysis ofhuman organs and tissue with the monospecific antibody to the synthetic SAMP peptide showed strong interactingprotein from the extracts from submandibular gland and parotid saliva but absent in the mixed saliva, and theimmunohistochemical staining detected a strong positive regions in the secretory granules in the luminal cytoplasm ofinterlobular ductal cells of salivary gland. The SAMP was also distributed in the human sebaceous gland and prostate.These data suggest that C77-091 named SAMP gene is a novel antimicrobial protein in human salivary gland, which mayplay a role for the innate immunity by protecting and stabilizing the mucosal epithelium to maintain homeostasis of oralmucosa.

 The regeneration of periodontium is the goal of periodontal therapy. Many periodontologists try to achieve this goalby using guided tissue regeneration(GTR) method. However, these procedures always include several disadvantages.Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) stimulated ectopic bone formation when it was implantedin rat muscles with insoluble bone matrix by differentiating muscle cells into chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The purposeof this study was to evaluate the osteoinductive potential of the mixture of rhBMP-2 (5 μg/ml) and heparin (0.25 or 25μg/ml ) at the critically sized rabbit calvarial defects. And this study aimed to reveal that heparin also acts to enhancethe bone forming activity of rhBMP-2. The 12 rabbits (4-month-old; NewZealand White) were used in the present study.5 μg/ml of rhBMP-2 and 0, 0.25 or 25 μg/ml of heparin were mixed and blotted into anorganic bovine bone and filledcranial defects. The animals were sacrificed following a time schedule (1, 3, and 6 weeks). Sections were made in 7 μmthicknesses, stained with H&E and Masson's trichrome method, and examined under a light microscope. The differencesamong each obtained percent value were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. A p value of p<0.05 was consideredstatistically significant and an ANOVA test was performed to verify significant differences. To adjust for multiple comparisonswhen one-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference between groups (p<0.05), Scheffe`s post hoctest was used to identify which group differences accounted for the significant p-value. In control group, osteoinductionwas not outstanding, however, in experimental groups, osteoinduction was significantly outstanding, and as the concentrationof heparin mixed with rhBMP-2 increased, osteoinduction was increased. Mixtures of rhBMP-2 and heparin affectbone formation at initial bone formation, but that effect disappeared following a time lapse.

 Many methods have been developed for more efficient gene delivery and expression in human cells. A number of studieshave been performed in achieving successful gene delivery and expression conditions. We investigated differentialgene expression patterns after delivery adenoviral vector containing green fluorescent protein(GFP) gene into humancancer cell lines. We constructed recombinant adenoviral Ad-CMV-GFP containing CMV promoter and GFP gene. Theefficiency of gene expression was assessed by observation GFP expressing cells using fluorescent microscopy after transferof Ad-CMV-GFP in concentrations of 0.1μl. 1μl. 10μl. At first, we evaluated expression patterns of gene in severalhuman cancer cell lines, gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS was showed high level of GFP expression compared withcolorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. After transfer 0.1μl of Ad-CMV-GFP in AGS, we could found that GFP expressioncells were observed in next day and highly increased 2 days. While, small number of GFP expressing cells wereexamined in HT-29 and SNU-C4. Therefore, these data showed that AGS was expressed the highest level of GFP andalmost AGS cells seems to express GFP in concentration of 1μl of Ad-CMV-GFP. GFP expression pattern in HT-29 revealthat expression was low in next day after gene transfer but significantly increase expression level in 2 days. Incase of SNU-C4, GFP expression increased with increasing concentration of Ad-CMV-GFP and t ransfer times. For examineeffects of transfer times in small amount gene, we transfer in concentration of 0.1μl Ad-CMV-GFP and detectedGFP expression patterns after 2 days or 4 days. As a result, expression level of GFP in AGS was increase about 2 foldafter 4 days compared with 2 days, but any difference of GFP expression levels were not showed in HT-29 and SNU-C4.Our study suggested that adenovirus was very efficient gene transfer vector for gene expression in human cancer celllines. In addition to, we also demonstrated that gene expression patterns was dependent on each human cell lines.Therefore, further studies will be needed to confirm the optimum conditions for efficient gene delivery and expression ineach target cell lines with consideration to cellular properties.

 Sialodochitis is an inflammatory disease on salivary gland duct. Although most of sialoadenitis includes inflammatorystatus of ductal system, an unusual behavior such as localized inflammation only in the duct is rarely observed.Sialodochitis is a very rare disease that was first reported by Kussmaul in 1879.1) Common symptoms of chronic sialodochitisare an excretion of mucous plugs and a swelling of the cheek. Sialodochitis may be associated with a type I hypersensitivityin the salivary duct and parotid gland, because of the large amount of eosinophils in saliva, and the commonallergic history such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. The management of sialodochitis depends on the severityof disease. The surgical procedure such as drainage operation, sialodochoplasty, or superficial parotidectomy canbe selected. We report the case of chronic sialodochitis with literature review.

 Physical movement is reduced because of convinient life style by advancing of science. People need physical movementand athletes also need more physical training for their health and better records because of reduced movement in modernlife style. Some athletes competing in contact sports wear dental mouth guards to reduce the risk of orofacial traumaand to increase the strength of muscle. It has been speculated that the use of mouth guards improves athletic abilitysuch as muscular strength and equilibrium. The purpose of this study was to test the influence of C.M(custom made)mouth guard according to strength of taekwondo athletes. 5 trained subjects participating in taekwondo students in DUniversity were included in this study. Deltoid muscular activity were tested by means of electromyograph (E.M.G) withor without wearing mouth guard. Subjects have pressed with 5 Kg barbell. The data were transferred to computer systemas raw and integral data. The data were analysed by computer system, showing wearing mouth guard had higher actionpotential than non-wearing mouth guard. This meant that wereing mouth guard could enhance the muscle force indeltoid. It suggested that taekwondo athletes could use C.M mouth guard without any negative effect on their musclestrength.