Osteochondroma is one of the most common benign tumors of the bone. Although osteochondroma is rarely seen in the facial region, it was reported that the cases occured in the mandibular region, especially around the condyle. Patients complain about malocclusion, temporomandibular disorders and facial asymmetry. The treatments of these cases include total condylectomy or local resection of the lesion. A 48-year-old man visited our hospital. His chief complaints were pain in the left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and deviation of mandible during mouth opening. Panoramic radiograph showed an enlarged left condyle. A bony proliferation with benign sign was also observed in the computed tomography. Surgical treatment was done by removing the bony mass. Histologically, biopsy result was an osteochondroma. After surgery, there was reduced pain and normal mouth opening. Deviation of the mandible was also observed. We report a case of osteochondroma on the mandibular condyle and a review of literature about the surgical treatment.

Dermoid cysts represent approximately 34% of developmental cysts in the head and neck region, and they occur mostly at the midline of the floor of the mouth. However, dermoid cysts may also migrate laterally by expansion. The lesion is usually slow growing and painless, presenting as a doughy or rubbery mass that frequently retains pitting after application of pressure. The differential diagnosis for dermoid cysts includes infections, tumors, mucous extravasation phenomena and abnormalities arising during embryonic development. In this report, we present three cases of unusual oral dermoid cysts. The first case developed on the left floor of the mouth, the second case was in the left submandibular area, and the third case was in the sublingual and submental space. All lesions were removed by the intraoral approach. Histopathologic examination revealed a dermoid cyst. The cysts were lined by orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, with a prominent granular cell layer. The cyst walls were composed of fibrous connective tissue that contained sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between the primary squamous cell carcinoma in oral cavity (POSCC) and paired metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma in cervical lymph node (MOSCC) via immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 and p53. The subjects included ten patients (20 specimens) who were diagnosed with OSCC with metastatic lymph nodes from 2010 to 2015 and surgically treated involving neck dissection in Kyungpook National University Hospital. Twenty specimens were stained immunohistochemically with Ki-67 and p53. The degrees of immunostaining by Ki-67 and p53 was evaluated as 0 (no positive cells), weak (1~25% positive cells), moderate (26-50% positive cells) and strong (>50% positive cells). Despite the strong tendency, there was no statistically significant result between expressions of Ki-67 and p53 in POSCC or MOSCC. We found that high expression of Ki-67 was significantly correlated with poor degree of differentiation. Our results suggest that expression of Ki-67 may be a predictable factor for degree of differentiation of POSCC and MOSCC.

Calcipex II has been widely used for root canal irrigation in endodontic treatment. It is a product of calcium oxide-based water soluble paste containing fine granular resin materials1). It was known that these granular materials were hardly dissolved in tissue and subsequently elicited foreign body granuloma by recruiting macrophages. Sometimes serious complications involving regional osteomyelitis and maxillary sinusitis were followed in long time after the endodontic treatment using Calcipex II materials2, 3). And then the removed surgical specimen should be carefully examined to detect whether there exists Calcipex II material-related foreign body reaction or not. As the fine granular materials are too small in size, about 1 μm in diameter, and slightly translucent, it is difficult to find out the fine granular materials scattered throughout the granulomatous lesion even in the high magnification view. Here, we firstly found that the fine granular materials of Calcipex II showed bright birefringence under the polarizing microscope, and that the Calcipex II granules dispersed in chronic granulomatous lesion could be easily detected by their bright birefringence. The present study demonstrated a case of peri-implantitis involved with Calcipex II granule-related periapical granuloma, exhibiting numerous bright birefringence spots in the polarizing microscope observation.

Odontomas are mixed odontogenic tumors in which both the epithelial and mesenchymal components have undergone functional differentiation. Two types of odonotma are histomorphologically recognized: complex and compound. Complex odontomas have little or no morphologic similarity to normal tooth formation, and they commonly found in the posterior mandible. They are typically asymptomatic, and the most common presenting symptom is usually lack of eruption of a permanent tooth. The recommended treatment for an odontoma is conservative surgical excision. No tendency for recurrence has been noted. An eight-year-old girl was presented with swollen mouth floor. Radiographically, there were radiopaque mass on anterior mandible with impacted lower left central incisor. Under midazolam intraoral sedation and N2O-O2 inhalation sedation, the odontomas were surgically removed. The diagnosis was complex odontoma. After follow-up of 28 months period, there was no recurrence. The impacted tooth erupted spontaneously and the space for the erupted tooth was regained orthodontically.

The aim of this study was to present the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of 20 new Korean GOC cases with a brief literature review. The mean age of 20 GOC patients was 43.5 years (range, 29-73 years) with a strong predilection for male (male-to-female ratio, 4:1). Nine cases were located in the maxilla and 11 cases in the mandible. Eight cases involved the anterior areas of the jaws and 12 cases were located in the posterior area. Most of the cases (16/20, 80.0%) showed a well-defined unilocular radiolucency and some showed cortical perforation (55.6%) and bony expansion (72.2%) in computed tomography. The most common histopathological feature was eosinophilic cuboidal cells (100%), followed by clear cells (95.0%), mucous cells (85.0%), variations in thickness (85.0%), and intraepithelial microcysts (80.0%). All cases were surgically treated by enucleation and no recurrences were found in routine follow-up.

Although recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins-2 (rhBMP-2) is clinically useful for bone regeneration, induction of new bone formation requires a large amount of rhBMP-2 in humans. Many investigators have been concentrated efforts on searching materials which enhance the effect of rhBMP-2, and then heparin was found as a potentiating material to rhBMP-2. The purpose of this study were histomorphometrically to analyze the enhancing effect of heparin to rhBMP-2 and to study the mode of actions of heparin to rhBMP-2. Stem cells obtained from rabbit adipose tissue were divided into 4 groups according to heparin concentrations(0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml) with a constant rhBMP-2 concentration(150 ng/ml) and cultured for 2, 4, and 8 days. Naphtol AS phosphate-fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase content and Alizarin red staining for calcium content were performed as time schedules and the morphology and osteoblastic activity were observed closely. 5 μg/ml rhBMP-2 was mixed with the following doses of heparin: 0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml. Each mixture was blotted into 0.5 g of multiporous anorganic bovine bone and was inserted into the critical sized calvarial defects(diameter of 0.8-mm) of rabbits. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks, the harvested tissues were processed and stained using H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods. And the areas of newly formed bone in the grafted material were measured and statistically analyzed. During culture experiment of adipose stem cells with rhBMP-2 and heparin, the degree of osteoblastic differentiation was increased with increasing heparin concentration, but the cellular degeneration was accelerated at higher concentration of heparin as time passed. Consequently the osteoblastic differentiation of progenitor cells were accelerated as the concentration of heparin increased. In addition, the progenitor cells exhibited full differentiations early showing fast degeneration. The higher the concentration of heparin, larger newly formed bone in grafted materials was obtained in initial period. However, the increased amount of the newly formed bone in grafted materials was progressively decreased at the higher concentration of heparin as time passed. In conclusion, the heparin has influence on the osteoinductive effect of rhBMP-2 in the initial stage of bone formation. The use of heparin with rhBMP-2 could offer cheaper, safer, and improve clinical results in grafting procedures.

The maxillofacial region is susceptible to damage because facial bone is prominent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence, etiology, seasonal distribution, and patterns of maxillofacial injuries and investigate the percentage of bone fractures on CT scans by patient’s gender and age. Electronic medical records of 1,483 patients who had maxillofacial injuries and visited the Emergency Medical Center of Chonnam National Hospital were evaluated. Age, gender, etiology, seasonal occurrence, frequency of fracture, and the pattern of bone fracture were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Male to female ratio was 2.82:1. The most common causes of injury were falls or collisions (male 40.09%, female 48.2%), followed by traffic accidents and violence. The number of injuries related to sporting accidents, assult, and industrial accidents was higher in male patients than that of female patients. With regard to the seasonal occurrence, 434 cases (29.26%) occurred in the summer, while 306 cases (20.63%) occurred in the winter. In this study, 946 patients (63.79%) were identified to have facture and 537 patients (36.21%) were found to be without fracture on CT scans. The orbital bone (41.38%) was the most commonly fractured in the mid facial structures. The most common fracture site in the mandible was the body of the mandible (23.13%). The patterns of maxillofacial injuries were various based on gender, age, cause of injury, and season.

It is necessary to make preventive method for the trauma and disturbance complications of orofacial area because athletic trauma are physical and mental defects. Since 1913, an italian boxer discussed mouth guard with dentist and used it. It was reported that mouth guard from field prevented trauma, increased the muscle force and activated electromyogram although the history of mouth guard wearing was short. The mouth guard has prevented the trauma and also increased the muscle force. The purpose was to study muscle force and activity of EMG with mouth guard wearing. It concluded that mouth could prevent trauma and increase the muscle force

The basic instrument for oral hygiene is toothbrush. Many patents that are announced to enhance efficiency and convenience by changing shape and using new material. There are also patents regarding its various functions. This study, the purpose of study, was surveyed the toothbrush patents from 2005 to 2014. The patent search was done in site 'kipris' using keyword ‘toothbrush’. Among sorts of administrative measure, enrollment and extinction patents was searched, followed by classified patents into its shape, materials, function and electronic toothbrush. For the patents with function, detailed analysis was done. Total numbers of toothbrush patents decreased in 2006 to 2008, lowest in 2008, and steadily increased to 2014. The patents regarding shape was outnumbered material. Shape and material patents could be divided by handle portion and head portion patents, which patents of head portion is more than handle portion. The patents of function could be classified into certain situation or combinate functions to its natural function. Function patents increase with the ratio of total patents. For brush patents, they have a tendence of increase. In addition, from a shape and function, toothbrush patents going to be more variable. It choose small quantity batch production. From a shape of toothbrush, patents regarding head portion are going to increase. And it has a tendency to change the shape rather than the development of materials for efficiency of toothbrushing. Electronic toothbrush will be placed certain position, however, conventional toothbrush also will place large portion by estimating patent number and there be more progressive. Some patents will catch popularity like combination of brush and paste, replacement of brush head, attraction for toothbrushing, and hygiene tooth brush. Also disposable toothbrush and portable toothbrush are getting popularity along with social phenomenon.

Along with toothbrushes, toothpaste has been used for a long time to improve the personal oral hygiene. Toothpaste was firstly introduced to Korea through as a form of powder by the Japanese company Lion Corporation in 1889 and in 1954, the LakHee Chemistry company released Korea’s first ever tube type cream toothpaste called lucky toothpaste, and afterwards we got to where we are today in terms of toothpaste. As a variety of products are released and customer choices become more diverse, there needs to be a development of toothpaste that can fulfill customers’needs and requests. Therefore, this study analyzes toothpastes and related patents submitted to the Patent Office from 1962 to June 2015, thereby examining the changes in toothpaste development trends up to the present day. This study was searched using the keyword ‘toothpaste’in the patent, utility model search engine at Kipris(www.kipris.or.kr), a patent search site, and categorized a total of 2,465 patents, which excluded those rejected by the Patent Office and those unrelated to toothpaste, using titles, full texts of publications and announcements. Research results showed that in the past, from 1960 to 1989, patents related to toothpaste containers took up the highest ratio of 35%. However, after 1990, patents pertaining to toothpaste composites and functionality made up the highest percentage of 54%, and from 2010 to 2015, it occupied 72% of the whole; therefore, we analyzed in detail the patents related to composites and functionality. Taking a look at the objectives and effects of patents having to do with composites and functionality, we found out that from 1964 to June 2015, patents related to Base, a basic component of toothpaste, and those having to do with periodontal disease took up the highest percentages of 25% each, and from 2010~2015 in particular, patents concerning periodontal diseases were submitted 3% more than those about Base. Composites aiming to prevent and treat periodontal diseases can be divided into four different categories, based on components; among those, there were a total of 171 (57%) patents related to living organism and herbal medicine extracts, 107 (36%) patents using compounds, 16 (5%) patents using bamboo salt as well as salt, and 5 (2%) patents using mineral components such as gold, silver. Looking at these investigation results, it can be thought that with the increasing development of toothpaste related to periodontal diseases, there’s a great amount of interest about toothpaste of effective periodontal disease prevention and treatment purposes. Along with this, we thought that research about how effective periodontal disease toothpastes actually are is also necessary.

Halitosis is a bad odor in mouth. The etiology of halitosis is multifactorial including intra-oral and extra-oral causes. It affects social interactions in many people. The aim of this study is to investigate an association between recognition group and non-recognition group by evaluating halitosis level and systemic factors. Nineteen participants who visited Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were enrolled. Volatile sulfur a compounds (VSCs) were measured by Oral Chroma®, a questionnaire was requested and oral exam was carried out in all subjects. Female is more sensitive than male for oral malodor. VSCs level of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) and methyl mercaptan(CH3SH) in male is higher than that in female. Participants who gave appeal dry mouth seem to recognize halitosis.