"The incidence of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus continues to increase in hospitals and the community all over the world. As the importance of miner surgery in dentistry gets greater recently, the frequency in use of antibiotics has been increasing. Although several cases of acquired infection in oral cavity in dental hospital has been reported, the research on isolation of S. aureus and evaluation of its antibiotic resistance from outpatients in the dental clinic has not been found yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolates. The isolation rate of S. aureus were 41.7% in dental hospital personnel, 60.4% in outpatients and 62% in dental hygiene students. S. aureus which showed resistance to penicillin were 88.6%, ampicillin 88.6%, erythromycin 8.6%, tetracycline 4.3%, oxacillin 4.3%, cefoteten 4.3%. Six strains of S. aureus showed the susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Sixty-four(91.4%) strains were multiple antibiotic resistance. Fifty-two strains(72.8%) resisted to AM-P. and Seven strains(10.0%) resisted to AM-P-E, AM-P-GM, AM-P-TE."

"Diabetic patients tend to exhibit delayed bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, which results in osteopenia. Recently, numerous clinical reports suggest that 635-nm light irradiation improves bone regeneration and wound healing, and reduces pain in patients suffering from diabetes.The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that 635-nm irradiation can influence bone formation by MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts cultured on high concentrations of glucose(25mmol/L D-glucose) in the presence or absence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA), and to establish an in vitro pathological model of bone formation.The effect of 635-nm irradiation on bone formation was investigated using Alizarin Red S staining, and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and calcium deposition assays. In addition, gene expression of the osteogenic markers BMP-2, osterix and osteocalcin were assayed by RT-PCR.Calcium deposition by MC3T3-E1 cells was reduced in the presence of high concentrations of glucose or by PMA supplementation. However, 635-nm irradiation led to an increase in calcium deposition by MC3T3 cells, followed by increased bone mineralization. mRNA expression of BMP-2 and osterix at an early stage and of osteocalcin at a late stage was significantly upregulated by 635-nm irradiation in MC3T3-E1 cells supplemented with high concentrations of glucose. Irradiation at 635 nm increases bone mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in vitro on high concentrations of glucose and alters osteogenic gene expression, which accelerates bone formation in hyperglycemic conditions."

"Cyclosporin A(CsA) as immunosuppressive drug is used to prevent immune reactions after organ transplant. And also It is reported that the effect of CsA on osteoblast differentiation has been controversial according to dosage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various CsA concentrations on osteoblast differentiation. According to different concentration of CsA, growth curve, apoptosis index MTT assay, ALP activation and osteocalcin secretion, in cultured NHost were analyzed. Treating osteoblasts with low concentrations of CsA increased growth rate, MTT assay activity, ALP activation and osteocalcin protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, while high concentration showed opposite results. Therefore, these results showed that low concentrations of CsA increased osteoblast differentiation, while high concentrations elicited an opposite response, showing inhibition of CsA on osteoblast differentiation. It suggested that different CsA concentrations might play in regulating NHost differentiation, and its specific activation of lower concentration will represent a viable anabolic therapy for bone resorption disease in future."