"The purpose of this study was designed to identify the health care condition aggressively to urban and semi-urban seniors and to inform the importance of prevention prior to treatment for better old age. A total of 200 seniors who were over the age of 65 and lived specific area of Seoul and Daeboo-island Ansan-city, from 7 September to 4 October 2012, and used self-developed questionnaire. The result of relevance analysis for oral health care demands shows that seniors from Ansan-city had higher dental prosthesis demands(the average 4.43) than seniors from Seoul(3.96) and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.01). Analysis of the correlation between items represented positive(+) relation in all items and same age distribution. Dental prosthesis has high correlation in every items, but fluorine treatment has low correlation relatively. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was slightly high, R=0.356(35.6%). However daily activity, oral heath care and anxiety times showed statistical significances. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between urban area and semi-urban area. Therefore, authorities need to offer oral health education."

"Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma has been defined as a lesion similar to ameloblastic fibroma by WHO, as it shows inductive changes which forms enamel and dentin. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a very rare mixed dentition tumor in children, and the symptom shows indolent edema in maxillary and mandibular molar area. The prevalence is two times higher in male than in female, and two times higher in maxilla than in mandible. Radiologically, it shows clear border and characteristics of both fibroma and odontoma histologically. This review reports a case that a 4-year old female visited in dental clinic of this school for edema as chief complaint in Feb, 2012. Emergency surgical curettage was performed right after initial diagnosis as odontoma, then confirmed diagnosis as Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma after biopsy. Currently, after 6 month, no sign of recurrence can be seen. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is very rare mixed dentition tumor. Moreover, as it is the case of female maxilla, this case is worth of publishing. Furthermore, accurate diagnosis of Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is difficult. This review is published for accurate diagnosis through differential diagnosis of several important mixed dentition tumors."

"Rushton bodies are known to be the aberrant keratinization and calcification in the epithelium of odontogenic cyst, which are similar to the features of calcifying odontogenic cyst and pilomatricoma. However, the pathogenetic mechanism of keratinization and calcification of Rushton bodies has not been clearly elucidated. Here, a case of Rushton bodies found in dentigerous cyst was examined by immunohistochemical method using antisera of PCNA, pAKT, HIF, PIM1, and PARP. The globular keratinization in lamellate fashion showed weak birefringency under polarizing microscope, and the Rushton bodies frequently underwent the dystrophic calcification. The polygonal keratinocytes of Rushton bodies were strongly positive for HIF and PARP, and the cyst epithelium was diffusely positive for pAKT and PIM1. Particularly, the cyst epithelium was hyperplastic and focally invaginated into cyst wall with positive reaction of PCNA. These findings may indicate the active response of odontogenic epithelium against the apoptotic stress of the cyst, producing the globular keratinization and irregular calcification in the polygonal keratinocytes. Therefore, it is presumed that the lamellate keratinization and dystrophic calcification of Rushton bodies are aberrant products of retrograding keratinocytes slowly undergoing apoptotic progresses similar to the phenomena of the ghost cells in calcifying odontogenic cyst and pilomatricoma, and also may have a potential for oncogenic proliferation. "

"Internalization and expression of extracellular molecules into cells and tissues is known very important process to biological processes and therapy of various diseases. In this study, we analyzed expression pattern of extracellular molecule after transduction into various human cells. To investigate cellular expression of internalized molecule, we used adenovirus containing green fluorescence protein. After infection of adenovirus into various human cells, the efficiency of intracellular gene expression was assessed with determining GFP expressing cells by fluorescence microscopy or FACS. After one day of adenovirus infection into HepG2 and A549, we observed that GFP expression was low at 10moi but expression levels were increased at 100moi in both cells. But, adenovirus infection into HCT116 showed low expression of GFP at concentrations from 1moi to 100moi. After 2 day infection with adenovirus, GFP expression level at 10moi and 100moi was highly increased in HepG2 and A549 compared with 1 day infection. Especially, GFP expression was significantly increased in HCT116 after 2 days infection. However, GFP expressing SKOV3 cells by adenovirus infection were not found in all the experimental conditions tested. For quantitative analysis of GFP expression of cells by adenovirus infection, we carried out FACS analysis. As a result, GFP was expressed at very low levels at 1moi in all cells used in this experiment. GFP expression slightly increased after increasing moi to 10 in HepG2, HCT116, and A549 cells. By 100moi infection of adenovirus, GFP expression was elevated to 10 fold higher than 10moi in HepG2 and A549 and about 4 fold elevation was observed in HCT116. A549 showed 20 fold higher expression of GFP than SKOV3. We also found that GFP expression by adenovirus infection was the highest in HepG2 cells. Protein expression was enhanced by increasing concentrations or time of adenovirus infection. In these results, GFP expression efficiency of adenoviral gene transduction reveals the highest in HepG2 and lowest in SKOV3 among the cells tested. Taken together, we could confirm that intracellular protein expression efficiency by transduction of extracellular gene was different in various human cells. Our study suggests that the cell types and cellular properties should be carefully examined to enhance expression efficiency of extracelluar molecules in biological research and disease therapy."

"The rise of medical knowledge and awareness of the importance of dental and stomatognathic system increase the patients who visit dental emergency room. The chief complaints of patients who visited the emergency room varies from a pain, trauma, hemorrhag. The purpose of this study was to classify dental emergency patients by chief complaint and to analyze in indiviual group and to provide more effective emergency dental care. This study was carried out with 1129 patients visiting emergency room of the dankook university dental hospital from 7/2011 to 6/2012. Dental emergency patients was classified trauma, pain, hemorrhage group by chief complaint and studied mothly, the day of the week, time, age distribution and cause of the individual group. The chief complaint of visiting emergency room were trauma 660 people (58.5%), pain 347 people (30.7%), hemorrhage 96 (8.5%), other 26 patients (2.3%). The monthly distribution was observed in May (12.8%), March (10.5%), September (10.2%). The trauma patients were frequent in the spring and early summer but painful patients visited in September (12.7%) and May (11.8%) in March (11.2%). The peak age group was 20 to 29 years(20.9%), followed by 0 to 9 years(19.4%), 40 to 49years (15.2%,). In trauma group the peak age was under the age of 10 (31.7%), followed by 10 to 19 years (18.8%), 20 to 29 years (17.1%) . However, in pain group, peak age was 20 to 29 years (26.8%) followed by 40 to 49 years(21.3%), 30 to 39 years (19.6 %). The most common cause of trauma were subluxation(16.5%), laceration13.7%), uncomplicated crown fracture(12.05%) and in pain group was pulpal origin(46.1%), followed by periodontal origin(20.7%), post op pain(8.9%). Undefined pain or neuralgia were 7.9%. The most common cause of hemorrhage was post extraction(66.7%), post operation(16.7%), spontaneous bleeding due to periodontitis(12.5%). In conclusion, the trauma, pain were different in monthly distribution and the peak age of patients. Dental emergeny doctor should understand pattern of indiviual emergency group and perform proper diagnosis and treatment for more effective emergency care."

"Saliva from the oral cavity was collected from 129 patients with periodontitis and 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from these samples. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their resistance patterns against 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to ampicillin was the highest (92.6%). In addition, the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, cefotetan, cefepime and erythromycin was 90.7%, 11.1%, 11.1%, 9.3% and 5.6%, respectively. However, S. aureus isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. 96.3% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to antibiotics. Among them, the percentage of two antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 74.1%, the percentage of one antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 5.6%, the percentage of three antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 3.7% and the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to more than 4 antibiotics was 13%. The most common multiple antimicrobial resistance pattern was AM-P. Furthermore, the percentage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates was 11.1% and they were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics."

"Cellular microenvironment is an essential issue for regulating epithelial characteristics through the alteration of intricate signaling pathways and intercellular communications in different cell types. Thus, microenvironment influences tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between microenvironment and epithelial property in HPV16 E6/E7-immortalized human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs). To investigate characteristics of IHOK cultured in different media, two media were used, which included keratinocyte growth media (KGM), F-medium composed of 3:1 ratio of DMEM and F-12 (P media) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Proliferative property and invasive and migratory activity were observed. As results, proliferating activities of IHOK in different culture condition were changed. Likewise, migratory and invasive activities were also different depending on media types. These results suggest that cellular microenvironment can affect modification of biological properties of epithelial cells."

Whereas calcium deposition in soft tissues is not uncommon, highly-structured, identified as mature cancellous bone within softtissues is not frequent. Here, we report an usual case of mature cancellous bone in cheek subcutaneous tissue in 15-year-oldKorean male. Microscopically the cancellous bone was encompassed by epithelial cells, which was confirmed by immunohistochemicalstaining with cytokeratin AE1/3. The present mature cancellous bone in subcutaneous tissue could be originatedfrom oral epithelium.

"Abstract. The keratoameloblastoma is a benign lesion of the jaws, which is a rare histologic variant of the ameloblastoma.There is a variation in the histopathologic appearance of reported cases under the appellation of keratoameloblastoma. The keratoameloblastmahas usually keratin formation by the ameloblastomatous epithelium and varies in size. English literature reportsonly 14 cases of keratoameloblastma. We described an additional case of the tumor developed in the right mandible of a26-year-old woman. It was presented as an expansile and radiolucent lesion. Histologically, solid tumor islands were seen withsome microcystic space within a fibrous stroma resembling an ameloblastoma. In addidion, a hyperchromatic columnar basal celllayer and parakeratin within the microcyst simulating an odontogenic keratocyst. "

We previously prepared a standardized and purified extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, PF2401-SF, and showed that it protectedagainst hepatic injury more effectively than ethanol based extraction. In this study, we determined the hepatoprotective mechanismsof PF2401-SF in vivo. Hepatic injury was induced in mice by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Treatment with PF2401-SF(1 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in theplasma. PF2401-SF treatment resulted in further elevation of the CCl4-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which contributedto the PF2401-SF-mediated liver protection. Additionally, PF2401-SF treatment significantly reduced the c-Jun NH2-terminalkinase (JNK) phosphorylation induced by CCl4. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of PF2401-SF, astandardized fraction of S. miltiorrhiza, against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice arises from its induction effect on HO-1 andinhibitory effect on JNK phosphorylation.

Although the mechanism of the abnormal calcification in the calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) was not elucidated so far, ithas been known that the ghost cells are closely related to the calcification, producing dystrophic globular cementum-like materials,comparable to pilomatricoma in epithelium1). Here, we presented a case of COC occurred in left maxillary canine area of 23years old female, exhibiting a collection of aberrant ossification admixed with basophilic ghost cells in comparison with sevencases of COC. In the polarizing microscope observation with Masson trichrome stain the present case clearly disclosed the typicalbirefringence of bony tissue, stained red in von Gieson stain, indicating the collagenous backbone. Some ghost cells showedthe features of interdigitating epithelial attachments, empty spaces of nuclei, and reticular basophilic cytoplasms, which were similarto the basophilic ghost cells of philomatricoma. The present case demonstrated the aberrant ossification by basophilic ghostcells in COC similar to the ossification of pilomatricoma.

The population of patients with antiplatelet treatment is expanding globally with the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseaseand increasing use of percutaneous coronoary interventions. While antiplatelet agents have revolutionized the managementof atherosclerotic disease and its thromotic complications, the potential of bleeding remains an inherent risk. Dentists are morelikely to stop antiplatelet therapy before dental extraction because they think that the patient is at high risk for bleeding.However stopping or altering antiplatelet therapy may expose such patients to the risk of a thromboembolic event such asthromboembolism, myocardial infarction, or cerebrovascular accidents particulary in patients wirh drug-eluting stent. In this study,we report 3cases that were perfomed dental extraction in patients receiving single or dual antiplatelet therapy without immediateand late postextraction bleeding and reviewed the literature on dental extraction in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy. Weconcluded that dental extractions may be safely performed in patients receiving single or dual antiplatelet therapy when appropriatelocal hemostatic measures are taken, thus averting thrombotic risk of temporary antiplatelet discontinuation.